Overcoming HMM Time and Parameter Independence Assumptions for ASR

Postprint (published version

A Path-Based Layered Architecture using HMM for Automatic Speech Recognition

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Florence, Italy, 200

VIÑALS, MJ (dir.) et al., (2017) Turismo Sostenible y Patrimonio. Herramientas para la puesta en valor y la Planificación, Valencia: Ed. Universitat Politècnica de València. ISBN. 978-84-9048-618-4

Libro de referencia en el pueden encontrarse respuestas de avance en la puesta en valor y la planificación, con la constitución y aplicación de una serie de herramientas punteras que se recogen y se exponen, facilitando, a través de las nuevas tecnologías, un instrumento con capacidad de gestionar de manera conjunta el tan proclamado Turismo Sostenible y Patrimonio.Reference book where you can find advance answers in the value and planning, with the constitution and application of a series of leading tools that are collected and exposed, facilitating, through new technologies, an instrument with capacity to jointly manage the so‑called Sustainable Tourism and Heritage

Editorial : expo ESA, el sector espacial al alcance de la mano

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First experiments on an HMM based double layer framework for automatic continuous speech recognition

The usual approach to automatic continuous speech recognition is what can be called the acoustic-phonetic modelling approach. In this approach, voice is considered to hold two different kinds of information acoustic and phonetic . Acoustic information is represented by some kind of feature extraction out of the voice signal, and phonetic information is extracted from the vocabulary of the task by means of a lexicon or some other procedure. The main assumption in this approach is that models can be constructed that capture the correlation existing between both kinds of information. The main limitation of acoustic-phonetic modelling in speech recognition is its poor treatment of the variability present both in the phonetic level and the acoustic one. In this paper, we propose the use of a slightly modified framework where the usual acoustic-phonetic modelling is divided into two different layers: one closer to the voice signal, and the other closer to the phonetics of the sentence. By doing so we expect an improvement of the modelling accuracy, as well as a better management of acoustic and phonetic variability. Experiments carried out so far, using a very simpli ed version of the proposed framework, show a signi cant improvement in the recognition of a large vocabulary continuous speech task, and represent a promising start point for future research.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Scaffold coupling: ERK activation by trans-phosphorylation across different scaffold protein species.

RAS-ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway signals are modulated by scaffold proteins that assemble the components of different kinase tiers into a sequential phosphorylation cascade. In the prevailing model scaffold proteins function as isolated entities, where the flux of phosphorylation events progresses downstream linearly, to achieve ERK phosphorylation. We show that different types of scaffold proteins, specifically KSR1 (kinase suppressor of Ras 1) and IQGAP1 (IQ motif-containing guanosine triphosphatase activating protein 1), can bind to each other, forming a complex whereby phosphorylation reactions occur across both species. MEK (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase) bound to IQGAP1 can phosphorylate ERK docked at KSR1, a process that we have named trans-phosphorylation. We also reveal that ERK trans-phosphorylation participates in KSR1-regulated adipogenesis, and it also underlies the modest cytotoxicity exhibited by KSR-directed inhibitors. Overall, we identify interactions between scaffold proteins and trans-phosphorylation as an additional level of regulation in the ERK cascade, with broad implications in signaling and the design of scaffold protein-aimed therapeutics

Corticotroph Aggressive Pituitary Tumors and Carcinomas Frequently Harbor ATRX Mutations

Context: Aggressive pituitary tumors (APTs) are characterized by unusually rapid growth and lack of response to standard treatment. About 1% to 2% develop metastases being classified as pituitary carcinomas (PCs). For unknown reasons, the corticotroph tumors are overrepresented among APTs and PCs. Mutations in the alpha thalassemia/mental retardation syndrome X-linked (ATRX) gene, regulating chromatin remodeling and telomere maintenance, have been implicated in the development of several cancer types, including neuroendocrine tumors. Objective: To study ATRX protein expression and mutational status of the ATRX gene in APTs and PCs. Design: We investigated ATRX protein expression by using immunohistochemistry in 30 APTs and 18 PCs, mostly of Pit-1 and T-Pit cell lineage. In tumors lacking ATRX immunolabeling, mutational status of the ATRX gene was explored. Results: Nine of the 48 tumors (19%) demonstrated lack of ATRX immunolabelling with a higher proportion in patients with PCs (5/18; 28%) than in those with APTs (4/30;13%). Lack of ATRX was most common in the corticotroph tumors, 7/22 (32%), versus tumors of the Pit-1 lineage, 2/24 (8%). Loss-of-function ATRX mutations were found in all 9 ATRX immunonegative cases: nonsense mutations (n = 4), frameshift deletions (n = 4), and large deletions affecting 22-28 of the 36 exons (n = 3). More than 1 ATRX gene defect was identified in 2 PCs. Conclusion: ATRX mutations occur in a subset of APTs and are more common in corticotroph tumors. The findings provide a rationale for performing ATRX immunohistochemistry to identify patients at risk of developing aggressive and potentially metastatic pituitary tumors.Peer reviewe

Pituitary Neoplasm Nomenclature Workshop: Does Adenoma Stand the Test of Time?

The WHO Classification of Endocrine Tumours designates pituitary neoplasms as adenomas. A proposed nomenclature change to pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) has been met with concern by some stakeholder groups. The Pituitary Society coordinated the Pituitary Neoplasm Nomenclature (PANOMEN) workshop to address the topic. Experts in pituitary developmental biology, pathology, neurosurgery, endocrinology, and oncology, including representatives nominated by the Endocrine Society, European Society of Endocrinology, European Neuroendocrine Association, Growth Hormone Research Society, and International Society of Pituitary Surgeons. Clinical epidemiology, disease phenotype, management, and prognosis of pituitary adenomas differ from that of most NETs. The vast majority of pituitary adenomas are benign and do not adversely impact life expectancy. A nomenclature change to PitNET does not address the main challenge of prognostic prediction, assigns an uncertain malignancy designation to benign pituitary adenomas, and may adversely affect patients. Due to pandemic restrictions, the workshop was conducted virtually, with audiovisual lectures and written précis on each topic provided to all participants. Feedback was collated and summarized by Content Chairs and discussed during a virtual writing meeting moderated by Session Chairs, which yielded an evidence-based draft document sent to all participants for review and approval. There is not yet a case for adopting the PitNET nomenclature. The PANOMEN Workshop recommends that the term adenoma be retained and that the topic be revisited as new evidence on pituitary neoplasm biology emerges

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